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Kerala

 With foreign influences as disparate as Chinese and Portuguese, Arab and Dutch, Kerala is the spice coast of India. Edged by a thread of unbroken beachline, the state’s heart is composed of intensely green paddy fields and a unique network of rivers and lagoons. Upland Kerala, relatively little visited, is composed of hills thickly wooded with teak and rubber. It is here that Kerala’s most precious spices are grown in carefully nurtured plantations: cardamom, pepper and nutmeg. Trivandrum, the state capital, an international airport, has an exceptionally fine museum set in an amusement park. 16 km away is Kovalam, one of the most popular beaches in the country. Many visitors stay at Kovalam, driving into Trivandrum for sightseeing trips, rather than the other way round. Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple in Trivandrum, and Padmanabhapuram Palace, a short drive away, are important monuments. Cochin, with a fine natural harbour, has been Kerala’s center of maritime trade for innumerable centuries. Along the harbour, rows of antediluvian Chinese fishing nets indicate Kerala’s trade with China, just as buildings along the water’s edge testify to the erstwhile presence of Dutch and Portuguese colonisers. Jewtown, complete with an immaculately preserved synagogue, has a flavour all its own, while Tripunathura, at the other end of the city, has many traditional houses with central courtyards. Kerala’s multitude of faiths – Islam, Judaism, and a host of sects of Christianity and Hinduism – all coexist harmoniously in a state that is known for its Marxist inclinations! Kerala’s traditions of dance forms, which originated from temple worship, can be witnessed at regularly held performances. Lecture-demonstrations of the most spectacular of these – Kathakali – are held daily at many centres in Cochin. Teyyam, at once an act of worship and visual feast; temple festivals complete with caparisoned elephants; Kalaripayata, the indigenous art of self defence; all are a part of Kerala’s remarkable heritage of performing arts, and can be witnessed at various centres in Cochin and Trivandrum. A five hour drive from Cochin leads into thickly forested hills, past rubber and spice plantations, and into southern India’s tea growing district headquartered at the charmingly old world Munnar. From Kottayam to Alleppey is a world of palm fringed waterways, a route which is covered by motor launch. Elderly sailboats, long barges transporting tons of coconuts and tiny skiffs used to transport children to school are common sights on these backwaters.

Deutsch

Kerala, der südwestlichste Bundesstaat Indiens, ist ein fruchtbarer Küstenstreifen am westlichen Steilabfall der Ghats. Kerala bietet hochgelegene, ausgedehnte Waldgebiete, einschließlich großer Naturschutzgebiete mit reichem Wildtierbestand, palmenbesäumte Kanäle im Küstenbereich, den Backwaters, und die beliebten Badestrände um die Hauptstadt Trivandrum. Die wehenden Palmen, die Vasco da Gama einst mit winkenden und willkommenheißenden Menschen verwechselte, wiegen sich wie eh und jeh im sanften Wind, der sein Lied von den Küsten Arabiens und Afrikas herüberträgt. Auch hier sind Mythos und Geschichte eng miteinander verbunden. Das "schwarze Gold" (Pfeffer) und Gewürze waren Keralas wichtigste Handelsgüter, die sogar Handelskriege mit anderen Nationen auslösten.

Gegen den Widerstand der lokalen Machthaber mußte Kerala zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten mit der Vereinnahmung durch Portugiesen, Holländer, Franzosen und Briten fertigwerden. Diese Mächte hinterließen denn auch ihre heute noch sichtbaren Spuren in der Geschichte und Kultur Keralas, von der sie jedoch landestypisch miteinbezogen und eng mit den traditionellen Strukturen verwoben wurden. Weitere Merkmale Keralas sind seine aktive politische Szene, die generell gutgebildeten Bürger und eine warmherzige Offenheit und Freundlichkeit Fremden gegenüber. Wer von hier zurückkehrt, weiß nicht nur die natürlichen Schönheiten Keralas zu schätzen, sondern trägt auch ein wenig Sonnenschein im Herzen.

 Español

Las palmeras que una vez Vasco de Gama confundió con un gentío dándole la bienvenida" todavía se inclinan su camino desde las costas de Arabia y de Africa. Y, como el viento, otras influencias se funden con el mito y el recuerdo, para formar una realidad a la que mejor caracteriza Cochin, el aeropuerto principal de Kerala.  Conocida como la Reina del Mar de Arabia, Cochin es puerto de escala para las embarcaciones desde el siglo VI a.C., lo que, quizá, explique que sea un mosaico de culturas hindú, judia, portuguesa, holandesa, china e islámica.

Su Sinagoga judía, situada en Mattancherry, fue construida en 1568 d.C. Todavia guarda las bandejas de cobre en las que se registraban las concesiones de privilegios de los rajás de Cochin. La Iglesia de San Francisco, en el Fuerte Cochin, se cree que es el primer templo erigido por los europeos en la India. Vasco de Gama, el intrépido portugués que descubrió la ruta maritima a las «Indias Orientales», Fue enterrado aqui originalmente. También los holandeses dejaron sus huellas en las arenas del tiempo – y de Cochin – en forma de Palacio Bolghatty del siglo XVII. Pero, quizá, la vista más fascinante de Cochin sean las redes de pesca chinas. Vistas a la entrada del puerto son como frágiles alas de mariposa. Igualmente fascinante es el puerto maritimo de Alleppey. 64 kilómetros abajo por la carretera costera de Trivandrum, es conocido como la Venecia de Oriente. Y, una vez al año, las represas de sus canales se atestan de animadas muchedumbres, porque las pulidas embarcaciones-serpiente de Kerala compiten entre sí para ganar el Trofeo del Prirner Ministro. 

Para unas vacaciones más tranquilas siempre está Alwaye. Es un lugar ideal para nadar en el rio, o simplemente para sentarse en soledad, en las dunas de arena. Kalady, a 23 kilómetros de Alwaye, es un centro de peregrinaje situado sobre las orillas del rio Periyar. Debe su santidad al hecho de que fue allí donde Sri Shankaracharya, el gran filósofo indio, nació en el siglo Vlll. En cierto sentido, tal como ahora se la conoce, Kerala nació en la antigua ciudad de Quilon, porque la era Malayalam se calcula desde la fecha de la fundación de esta ciudad en el siglo IX. A 148 kilómetros de Cochin, Quilón tiene un floreciente comercio de anacardo. A 3 kilómetros de distancia pueden contemplarse los antiguos cementerios holandés, portugués e inglés, así como los restos de una fortaleza.

Italiano

Lo Stato del Kerala si trova nell’India sud-occidentale; con i suoi 575 chilometri di costa bagnata dal Mare Arabico, è un “paradiso tropicale“ che prende il nome da “Kera“, la palma da cocco che qui cresce ovunque. Il Kerala è una sottile striscia di terra fertile a ridosso dei Gati Occidentali, che per anni lo protessero dalle invasioni da terra. Trovandosi tuttavia sul mare, si possono ancora trovare resti di diverse influenze straniere, dagli antichi Fenici ed Egizi agli Arabi e ai Cinesi, fino ai più recenti Olandesi, Portoghesi e Inglesi. Qui approdarono, migliaia di anni fa, le navi del Re Salomone e poi vennero i Greci e i Romani nelle loro galee. Nel Kerala arrivarono commercianti di tutto il mondo attratti dalla sua ricchezza di legno di sandalo, avorio, tek, legname e, naturalmente, spezie orientali come zenzero, cannella, cardamomo e pepe.

Oggi, oltre ai commercianti, migliaia di turisti vengono a godersi una vacanza indimenticabile, attratti dal caldo mare blu, dalle spiagge dorate incorniciate dalle palme, dalle verdi risaie, dai tipici villaggi di case con i tetti di paglia, dalle fresche lagune costiere, dai massaggi a base di oli ottenuti da erbe medicinali, dalle forme di arte e di danza proprie del Kerala. “Kathakali“, l’antica pantomima classica eseguita con maschere, ha avuto origine qui e si ispira ai temi dei poemi epici indiani “Ramayana“ e “Mahabharata“ e persino, su base sperimentale, alla vita di Gesu Cristo e del Budda. Nelle palestre di tutto lo Stato viene ancora praticata l’antica arte marziale chiamata KALARIPAYATTU.

Poiché il Kerala non èsoltanto la patria degli Indù, ma anche di molte comunità cristiane, mussulmane ed ebraiche, ovunque sorgono templi, chiese, moschee e un’importante sinagoga a Cochin. Tutte le feste locali vengono celebrate con larga partecipazione e fervore. Le piú importanti città turistiche del Kerala sono Kochi e Trichur nel centro, Thiruvananthapuram con Kovalam Beach all’estremita meridionale, il Parco Nazionale Periyar e Thekkady all’est e Calicut (Kozikhode) al nord.

 

GENERAL INFORMATION

COUNTRY: Republic of India
LOCATION: South Asia
TIME: UTC(+ 5.30hrs)
CAPITAL: New Delhi
LANGUAGES: Hindi, English, Punjabi, Urdu & seventeen regional languages.
AREA: 3,287,263 sq kms
POPULATION: 936,000,000
CURRENCY: Indian Rupee, US $1= INR 40.00
NATIONAL DAY: 26 Jan (Republic Day) and 15 Aug (Independence Day)
AIRLINES: Air India (AI) and Indian Airlines(IA)
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS: Indira Gandhi (Delhi), Santacruz(Mumbai) (BOM), Dum Dum (Calcutta) (CCU), Meenambakkam (Chennai) (MAA), Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bangalore, Goa, Hyderabad and Trivandrum.
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MONEY/CURRENCY
The Indian currency is the Rupee and it is a fully convertible currency. The Rupee notes are available in denominations of 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1. Coins are available in the denominations of 5,2,1 (rupee) and 50 and 25 paise.
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FOREIGN EXCHANGE
Foreign Exchange/ currency brought into India must be declared at customs where the value of foreign currency notes exceed US$2500 or the aggregate value of the foreign exchange including currency notes exceeds US $10,000 or equivalent. You can exchange money at international airports where 24 hour exchange facilities are available through banks and approved money changers. You can also change money from nationalised banks and other banks in the country. Most recognized hotels will exchange foreign currency 24-hours but a substantial service charge may be levied here. Well-known credit cards are widely accepted in India. These may include Diners, Masters, Visa and American Express. Credit cards are handy not only in paying your hotel bills and airfares, but also in buying souvenirs in small boutiques in way-off towns. Indian railways accept bookings with credit cards in metros.
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ELECTRICITY
Usually 220 volts AC, 50Hz.. Some areas have a DC supply. Plugs used are of the round 2 and 3 pin type.
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CLIMATE
During the hot season, temperatures in the north can reach 104°F. The monsoon breaks in June and peters out in September or October. In the cool season, average temperatures are 50°F - 59°F in the north and the weather is mainly dry. However, the south has a less variable climate Madras is always hot. Average temperatures range from 75°F in January to 90°F in May and June.
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AVIATION
There are five designated INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS in India  at Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai and Trivandrum. Of these, the first two are the most used. Limited international flights are also operated from Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Goa, Calicut, Cochin, Amritsar, Varanasi, Lucknow, Guwahati, Tiruchirapalli, Agra and Jaipur. These are designated as customs airports and allow landing of tourist charter flights and international flights by the national carriers of India.

The international airports at the four major metros have a fairly comprehensive range of facilities. These may include duty-free shops, restaurants, business centers, rest rooms for the disabled as well, telephone booths, travel assistance counters, hotel booking counters of major hotel chains, baby care rooms, taxi and rent-a car counters, airline booking counters foreign exchange counters, mobile phone rentals and so on. Check out individual city sections for details of facilities in respective cities.

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DOMESTIC AIRPORTS.
India has a total number of 115 domestic airports. Many of these have been significantly upgraded of late. Beginning with Delhi-the capital-the brand new Indian airlines terminal is comfortable and comprehensive Technology-wise also, the airport has been substantially upgraded. There are new terminal buildings at Agra, Cochin, Raipur, Bhubaneshwar, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad featuring contemporary design and facilities.

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